• Protein folding
• Phosphorescence Lifetimes
• Fluorescence suppression
• Lanthanide emission and lifetimes
• Solid-state phosphorescence
• Delayed fluorescence
• Time resolved spectra
• Gated emission spectra
• Gated excitation spectra
• Microseconds to seconds kinetics

• DNA binding
• Intracellular ion concentrations (Ca⁺⁺, pH, etc...)
• Spectra and lifetimes of phosphors and inorganic materials
• Membrane potential
• FRET
• LRET
• Stopped Flow
• Chemi-and bioluminescence
• More...

• Millisecond kinetics
• DNA binding
• Intracellular ion concentrations (Ca⁺⁺, pH, etc.)
• Phosphorescence
• Membrane potential
• FRET
• Polarization/Anisotropy
• Stopped Flow
• Chemi-and bioluminescence
• Fluorescence kinetics
• Fluorescence ratios
• Excitation ratios
• Dynamic anisotropy
• Steady state

• Fluorescence
• Solid fluorescence
• Temperature dependant fluorescence
• Intracellular Ion Determination (Ca⁺⁺, pH, etc…)
• LRET
• Intrinsic Fluorescence of Proteins
• Photoluminescence of OLED devices
• Thin Films
• Single Photon Counting
• Analog Detection
• Quantum Yield studies of solids and solutions
• 4 Position peltier for higher throughput when doing long protein folding studies.
• Impurity detection
• Cell suspension work
• More...

• Photochemistry
  Singlet oxygen is frequent byproduct
  
• Geology
  NIR luminescence of minerals
  
• Forensic science
  Identifying forged documents
  
• Photobiology and photomedicine
  Singlet oxygen detection (1270 nm)
  
• Cancer treatment
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

• Photobiology
  Photodegradation caused by singlet oxygen
  
• Photosensitized oxidations
  Photooxidation of environmental pollutants
  
• Optical fiber communication
  Optical amplifiers (e.g. chelated Er⁺⁺ , 1540 nm)
  
• Agriculture
  Development of environmentally friendly pesticides
  
• More...

• Intracellular ion concentrations (Ca⁺⁺, pH, etc.)
• FRET
• Membrane fluidity
• Beta blockers
• RNA and DNA

• Membrane potential
• Multiple probe experiments
• Oxidants
• Steady state fluorometry
• More...

• Lifetimes of very weak or diluted fluorophores
• Complex, heterogeneous kinetics
• Lifetime and time-resolved spectra of tyrosine and tryptophan fluorescence in proteins (frequency-doubler option required)
• Micellar studies
• Polymers

• Membranes
• Porphyrins and chlorophylls
• Excited state electron and proton transfer
• Analytical and environmental assays
• Phosphors, LEDs and solid state devices
• Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)
• Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy
• More...

Excitation-Shifted

Emission-Shifted

Calcium-related Measurement

• Ca²⁺ transients
• Ca²⁺ mobilization
• Ca²⁺ homeostasis
• Ca²⁺ waves
• Ca²⁺ oscillation
• Ca²⁺ spikes
• Ca²⁺ entry
• Capacitative Calcium Entry (CCE)

Calcium Measurement

• Intracellular free Ca²⁺
• Mitochondrial Ca²⁺
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ pool
• Lysosomal Ca²⁺
• Extracellular near membrane Ca²⁺

Simultaneous Measurement of intracellular a²⁺ and:

• Cell volume
• Cell contraction: Edge detection device
• Membrane current: Patch Clamps
• Phygocytosis
• Cl-
• Oxidase activation
• Ca²⁺-CaM

Membrane Potential

• Plasma membrane Potential
• Mitochondrial Membrane Potential

pH

• Intracellular pH
• Phagosomal pH
• Vacuolar pH
• Lysosomal pH
• More..

Non-Ratiometric

Dual Dye

FRET

• Measure molecular proximity
• Binding of enzyme to its substrate
• Measure Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺
• Donor Excitation Spectroscopy
• Emission intensity
• Donor emission intensity
• Acceptor emission intensity
• Ratio of donor/acceptor emission intensity

Common FRET Pairs

• EGFP / DSRed2 FRET
• CFP / DsRed2 FRET
• BFP / DsRed2 FRET
• CoralHue M-Cyan / K-Orange
• GFP / Rhod2
• FITC / CY3 FRET
• FITC / TRITC FRET
• YFP / TRITC FRET
• CY3 / CY5 FRET
• CFP / YEP FRET
• BFP / GFP FRET

Other Ions

• Intracellular Mg²⁺
• Intracellular Mn²⁺
• Intracellular Zn²⁺
• Intracellular Sr²⁺
• Intracellular Na+
• Intracellular Cl-
• Intracellular Ba²⁺
• Divalent cation influx
• Labile iron pool (LIP)
• Iron homeostasis
• Na+ / H+ exchange
• H+ / HCO3- exchange
• Pf and PCO

Other Measurements

• Respiratory burst & reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• NAD(P)H
• Nitric Oxide (NO)
• Intracellular GSH
• Identifying cells coexpressing GFP for analysis
• Use ratiometric GFP (redox-GFP) to measure cellular/mitochondria reduce/oxidize reaction
• Calcein-based cell viability assay
• Oxygen consumption in cultured cells
• And Many More..
  

Calcium Measurement

• Intracellular free Ca²⁺
• Mitochondrial Ca²⁺
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ pool
• Lysosomal Ca²⁺
• Extracellular near membrane Ca²⁺

Membrane Potential

• Plasma membrane Potential
• Mitochondrial Membrane Potential

GFP & Variants

• Identifying cells coexpressing GFP for analysis
• Use mitoGFP to visualize mitochondria and measure mitochondrial calcium [Ca²⁺]m
• Use ratiometric GFP (redox-GFP) to measure cellular/mitochondria reduce/oxidize reaction
• HEK-293 cells transfected with the CaSR-pEGFP vector
• ECFP
• EYFP

Other Measurements

• Calcium imaging of Single HEK 293 cell
• Taste Bud
• Pea Pollen tubes
• Respiratory burst & reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• NAD(P)H
• Changes in CaM availability
• Demonstration of selective plasma membrane permeabilization by digitonin in HEK293 cells
• Detection by immunofluorescence of PfCRT expression in HEK293 cells
• Receptor-mediated Glutamate release
  (by following NADH signal)
• Fura-dextra
• Cellular GSH level
• FL-aldosterone efflux
• Latency of response to exogenous ATP or ADP
• Membrane traffic
• Liposome
• ER membrane
• Cell contractile activity & cell Size
• Cell Volume Measurement
• Phagocytosis
• Cell injury or death by PI fluorescent
• Metal induced cytotoxity

pH

• Intracellular pH
• Vacuolar pH
• Lysosomal pH

Other Ions

• Intracellular Mg²⁺
• Intracellular Mn²⁺
• Intracellular Zn²⁺
• Intracellular Sr²⁺
• Intracellular Na+
• Intracellular Cl-
• Cytosolic labile iron pool (LIP)
• Iron homeostasis

FRET

• Donor Excitation Spectroscopy
• Emission intensity
• Donor emission intensity
• Acceptor emission intensity
• Ratio of donor/acceptor emission intensity
• Measure molecular proximity
• Binding of enzyme to its substrate
• Measure Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺

Calcium-related Measurement

• Ca²⁺ Waves
• Ca²⁺ wave quantitation
• Ca²⁺ wave induced bymechanical stimulation
• Ca²⁺ wave induced by mechanical wounding
• Ca²⁺ wave propagation
• In non-contacting cells
• Over a physical gap
• Ca²⁺ Oscillation induced by:
  • Hg²⁺
  • K+
  • Heat
  • ATP
  • Dopamine
  • FSH
  • Caffeine
  • Ca²⁺ mobilization
  • Ca²⁺ homeostasis
  • Propagated cytoplasmic Ca²⁺cyt responses along the DVR wall.
• Simultaneous Measurement of intracellular Ca²⁺ and:
  • Cell volume
  • Phygocytosis
  • Cl-
  • Oxidase activation
  • Ca²⁺-CaM

Non Ratiometric